常見病療養(yǎng)院:正宗西醫(yī)這樣處理發(fā)燒

發(fā)燒

綜述

當(dāng)你或者你的小孩感到不舒服的時(shí)候，也許你會(huì)做的第一件事情就是看看是否發(fā)燒了。盡管發(fā)燒本身不是病，它通常是你的身體發(fā)生了問題的一個(gè)跡象。然而發(fā)燒不一定是件壞事。事實(shí)上，發(fā)燒有可能是在幫助你的身體戰(zhàn)勝數(shù)量眾多的細(xì)菌和病毒的感染，而發(fā)燒在這個(gè)過程中起到了關(guān)鍵的作用。
如果你不是大人的話，一次發(fā)燒也許會(huì)讓你很不舒服，但是如果溫度不達(dá)到103華氏度（約為39.4攝氏度)或者以上的話，一般是沒有危險(xiǎn)的。然而，對(duì)于很小的小孩以及嬰兒來說，溫度只要高那么一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)，也許就意味著嚴(yán)重的感染。對(duì)于新生的嬰兒來說，不是發(fā)燒，而是低于正常溫度，也許是嚴(yán)重疾病的一個(gè)跡象。
因?yàn)榘l(fā)燒能在不同情況下發(fā)生，其他跡象和癥狀通常都有助于辨識(shí)原因。如果你不知道自己為何發(fā)燒，最好不要試圖降低體溫。這樣做只會(huì)掩蓋你的癥狀，使得更難確定病因。除此而外，有些專家認(rèn)為，強(qiáng)行降體溫事實(shí)上會(huì)干擾身體的免疫反應(yīng)。這是因?yàn)橐��?a class="channel_keylink" href="/tcm/2009/20090113023953_78091.shtml" target="_blank">感冒和其他肺部感染的病毒在低溫下繁殖得更快。事實(shí)上，身體會(huì)通過產(chǎn)生低燒的方式來幫助消滅病毒。除此而外，多數(shù)發(fā)燒通常時(shí)間較短，一般幾天就沒事了。

跡象和癥狀

在體溫高于正常范圍的時(shí)候，發(fā)燒就產(chǎn)生了。正常體溫應(yīng)該在37攝氏度上下（上下可以稍微浮動(dòng)一點(diǎn))。這是為什么難以定義發(fā)燒的原因。但是一次“嚴(yán)重的”發(fā)燒通常可以定義為口腔或者耳部溫度為102華氏度（約為38.9攝氏度)，或者直腸溫度103華氏度（約為39.4攝氏度)。直腸溫度的讀數(shù)一般大于口腔溫度1華氏度左右。

根據(jù)引起發(fā)燒的原因，其他跡象和癥狀也許還包括：
•     發(fā)汗
•     發(fā)抖
•     頭痛
•     肌肉酸疼
•     缺乏食欲
•     脫水
•     全身虛弱

很高溫度的發(fā)燒（介于103華氏度（39.4攝氏度)到106華氏度（41.1攝氏度)之間)也許會(huì)引起幻覺，神智不清，亢奮甚至抽搐。

大約4%的小于5歲的小孩會(huì)發(fā)生因發(fā)燒導(dǎo)致的痙攣（發(fā)燒痙攣)。在小孩的溫度迅速波動(dòng)的時(shí)候，痙攣的癥狀就發(fā)生了，包括暫時(shí)失去意識(shí)以及抽搐。盡管痙攣的癥狀很令人焦心，多數(shù)小孩的癥狀不會(huì)再持續(xù)。發(fā)燒痙攣通常由小孩子的這些疾病引發(fā)，諸如紅疹，病毒感染，扁桃體發(fā)炎以及皮疹。


原因

甚至在身體正常的時(shí)候，體溫在一天之內(nèi)也會(huì)變動(dòng)——早晨低，午后和夜晚高。事實(shí)上，正常體溫可以在97華氏度到99華氏度（36.1—37.2攝氏度)之內(nèi)變動(dòng)。盡管大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為98.6華氏度（37攝氏度)是健康人的體溫，你的體溫也許會(huì)高出或者低于這個(gè)溫度1度。
體溫是由體丘下部來調(diào)節(jié)的，體丘下部在腦子的底部區(qū)域，在身體的整個(gè)系統(tǒng)里面擔(dān)任了調(diào)溫器的作用。當(dāng)身體發(fā)生狀況的時(shí)候，體溫只是被調(diào)節(jié)得高幾個(gè)點(diǎn)。新的體溫也許是102華氏度（約為38.9攝氏度)，而不是原來的97或者98華氏度（36.1，36.7攝氏度)。


發(fā)燒時(shí)發(fā)生的情況

當(dāng)身體試著提高溫度的時(shí)候，發(fā)燒就開始了。你會(huì)感到寒冷并通過發(fā)抖產(chǎn)生熱量來驅(qū)趕寒冷。此時(shí)，你也許會(huì)用厚的毛毯來把自己裹起來，并把取暖電毯的溫度調(diào)高。但是事實(shí)上在你的身體達(dá)到新的溫度時(shí)，你很可能會(huì)感到發(fā)熱。在你的體溫最后開始達(dá)到正常的時(shí)候，你也許會(huì)大量地出汗，這是你的身體釋放高溫產(chǎn)生熱量的方式。
發(fā)燒通常意味著你的身體對(duì)病毒或者細(xì)菌感染的抵抗反應(yīng)。有時(shí)，輕度的中暑衰竭，太陽曝曬過度或者某種炎癥狀況（諸如暫時(shí)的動(dòng)脈炎癥，譬如說腦動(dòng)脈炎)也許也會(huì)引發(fā)發(fā)燒。惡性腫瘤或者某些腎癌引起發(fā)燒的幾率很小。
發(fā)燒也可能是一些藥物的副作用引起，譬如說抗生素和用來治療過度緊張以及抽搐的麻醉藥。一些嬰兒和小孩在注射免疫針之后會(huì)引起發(fā)燒，譬如說白喉，破傷風(fēng)，百日咳或者肺炎疫苗。
盡管在多數(shù)情況下發(fā)燒的原因能找到，并且能夠得到治療，有時(shí)還是不可能確定發(fā)燒的原因。如果你發(fā)燒超過100.9華氏度（38.3攝氏度)持續(xù)三個(gè)星期以上，并且為你治療的醫(yī)生在經(jīng)過充分的診斷之后，也不能確定病因，那么診斷結(jié)果也許會(huì)是不明病因的發(fā)燒。


何時(shí)尋求醫(yī)治

發(fā)燒本身也許不是引起擔(dān)憂的原因——或者說看醫(yī)生的原因。然而在如下情況下，你應(yīng)該為你的寶寶，小孩或者你自己尋求醫(yī)治。

嬰兒

相較于大人，對(duì)于嬰兒以及小孩來說，不明原因的發(fā)燒是尋求醫(yī)治的主要原因。如果你的嬰兒：

•     小于2個(gè)月并且直腸溫度大于或等于100.4華氏度（38攝氏度)，即便你的寶寶沒有其他生病的跡象或者癥狀，為安全起見還是要叫醫(yī)生。

•     大于2個(gè)月并且直腸溫度大于或者等于102華氏度（38.9攝氏度)

•     新生兒并且溫度低于正常體溫——直腸溫度低于95華氏度（35攝氏度)

•     發(fā)燒并且不明原因的亢奮，譬如在你給寶寶換尿片的時(shí)候或者挪動(dòng)寶寶的時(shí)候，寶寶嘶聲裂肺地哭。一些嬰兒也許正發(fā)燒并顯得昏昏欲睡毫無生氣。對(duì)于嬰兒以及小于兩歲的小孩來說，這些也許是腦膜炎的跡象——包裹腦子以及脊髓的膜質(zhì)和液質(zhì)的感染以及炎癥。如果你擔(dān)心寶寶也許得了腦膜炎，立刻尋求醫(yī)治。不要等到第二天早晨才去看醫(yī)生——腦膜炎是一種急癥。


小孩

盡管高溫也許會(huì)引起家長(zhǎng)很大的擔(dān)憂，其實(shí)小孩通常較能忍受發(fā)燒。然而，最好是根據(jù)你的小孩的行為，而不是根據(jù)任何測(cè)得的溫度來指導(dǎo)你。如果你的小孩發(fā)燒了，但是他還是比較活潑并且喝水很多，還想玩耍，也許你就不必?fù)?dān)憂。
如果你的小孩很倦怠或者很急躁，并一再嘔吐，頭很痛或者肚子痛，或者有其他使得他很不舒服的癥狀，請(qǐng)聯(lián)絡(luò)你的兒科醫(yī)生。如果你的小孩被留在一輛非常熱的車子里面呆了很久，并且發(fā)燒的話，請(qǐng)立即尋求醫(yī)治。
如果一個(gè)小于兩歲的小孩持續(xù)發(fā)燒超過一天，或者一個(gè)大于或等于兩歲的小孩持續(xù)發(fā)燒超過三天的話，請(qǐng)聯(lián)絡(luò)醫(yī)生。
除非醫(yī)生建議，否則如果發(fā)燒低于101華氏度（38.3攝氏度)的話，不要采用任何藥物治療。


成人

發(fā)燒時(shí)尋求醫(yī)治如果：

•     體溫超過104華氏度（40攝氏度)

•     發(fā)燒超過三天

此外，如果在發(fā)燒時(shí)伴隨有以下跡象以及癥狀的話，請(qǐng)尋求醫(yī)治：

•     嚴(yán)重的頭痛

•     喉嚨腫得很厲害

•     異常皮疹

•     眼睛對(duì)亮光的異常過敏

•     歪脖并且在頭前傾時(shí)感到痛

•     意識(shí)錯(cuò)亂

•     持續(xù)嘔吐

•     呼吸困難并且胸痛

•     極端倦怠或者亢奮

•     腹痛或者小便痛

•     其他不明原因的癥狀


診斷

根據(jù)其他癥狀并且在常規(guī)檢查完之后，醫(yī)生一般會(huì)診斷出發(fā)燒的原因。有時(shí)需要其他的測(cè)試來確定診斷結(jié)果。例如，如果醫(yī)生懷疑肺炎的話，也許會(huì)在常規(guī)檢查之后，讓你來一個(gè)胸透。在其他情況下，也許會(huì)讓你進(jìn)行血液檢查或者尿檢來看是否有感染的跡象。
如果你發(fā)燒溫度不高持續(xù)三周，但沒有其他癥狀，醫(yī)生也許會(huì)建議你做些檢測(cè)來幫助發(fā)現(xiàn)病因。這些檢查也許包括血液檢查以及胸透。


并發(fā)癥

在小于5歲的小孩中，很小一部分會(huì)因?yàn)轶w溫迅速波動(dòng)而引發(fā)痙攣。盡管小孩的狀況會(huì)使父母擔(dān)憂，多數(shù)痙攣不會(huì)有進(jìn)一步的影響。
如果痙攣發(fā)生的話，讓小孩側(cè)躺。將任何扎人的東西從小孩身邊拿走，解松小孩的衣物并且保護(hù)好你的小孩不要受到外物傷害。不要嘗試把任何東西放在小孩的嘴巴里面來阻止小孩的痙攣。盡管大多數(shù)痙攣?zhàn)詣?dòng)會(huì)停下來，如果痙攣超過10分鐘的話，趕緊尋求醫(yī)治。
如果可能的話，對(duì)痙攣的時(shí)間進(jìn)行計(jì)時(shí)。因?yàn)榀d攣很令人焦心，所以痙攣的時(shí)間通常顯得比實(shí)際時(shí)間要長(zhǎng)。也要注意小孩身體哪一部分先開始顫抖。這個(gè)有助于醫(yī)生明白痙攣的原因。應(yīng)該盡快讓醫(yī)生來給小孩治療。


治療

醫(yī)治取決于發(fā)燒病因。醫(yī)生很可能會(huì)對(duì)細(xì)菌感染開一些抗生素藥，譬如肺炎或者喉部鏈鎖狀球菌感染。對(duì)于腸胃型流感（腸胃炎)和單核細(xì)胞增多癥這些病毒感染來說，最好的治療方法通常是休息以及大量飲水。
醫(yī)生也許會(huì)建議你服用一些非處方藥，譬如退熱凈( 一種替代阿司匹林的解熱鎮(zhèn)痛藥，羥苯基乙酰胺)或者布洛芬(抗炎、鎮(zhèn)痛藥)來降高溫。成人也許還會(huì)服用阿斯匹林(解熱鎮(zhèn)痛藥)。但是不要給小孩服用阿司匹林。如果服用的話，也許會(huì)引發(fā)一種很少見但是潛在致命的神經(jīng)紊亂癥——雷氏綜合癥！


預(yù)防

最好的防止發(fā)燒的方法是盡量不要和有傳染性的病源接觸。最有效也是最簡(jiǎn)單的方法之一就是——勤洗手。
教育小孩勤洗手，尤其在飯前和便后以及在擁擠的公共場(chǎng)所或者和寵物呆過之后。告訴他們?cè)趺礃幼屑?xì)洗手，要用香皂洗每只手的前邊和后邊，并用流動(dòng)的水將手完全沖洗干凈。在你沒有香皂和水的時(shí)候，身上要帶上洗手用的小毛巾。如果可能的話，教育你的小孩不要用手去摸鼻子，嘴巴或者眼睛——這些是病毒感染傳播最主要的途徑。


自我治療

因?yàn)樵诎l(fā)燒的時(shí)候身體失水比平時(shí)更多，一定要多喝水來避免脫水。喝水是最好的，但如果在很難喝到水的情況下，設(shè)法讓孩子喝果汁、包含電解質(zhì)的運(yùn)動(dòng)型飲料或者吃冰凍的冰汽水。大人和小孩都應(yīng)該得到充分的休息。不要因?yàn)榘l(fā)燒是小毛病而自作聰明地進(jìn)行干預(yù)。通常情況下，低燒實(shí)際上在幫助戰(zhàn)勝感染。此外，對(duì)于大人和小孩來說，都要遵循以下指導(dǎo)意見：

對(duì)于小于102華氏度（38.9攝氏度)的溫度

除非醫(yī)師建議，否則不要服用任何藥物。因?yàn)橛欣资暇C合癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，所以不要給小孩服用阿司匹林。相反地，要穿得舒服而輕松一點(diǎn)，泡一個(gè)溫水澡。睡覺的時(shí)候，只給你或者你的小孩蓋一床被單或者一條輕毯子。

對(duì)于102到104華氏度之間的溫度（38.9——40攝氏度)

根據(jù)說明書或者醫(yī)囑服用退熱凈( 一種替代阿司匹林的解熱鎮(zhèn)痛藥)或者布洛芬(抗炎、鎮(zhèn)痛藥)。如果你對(duì)劑量沒有把握，一定要跟醫(yī)生或者藥劑師確認(rèn)。成人也許可以服用阿司匹林。
注意不要服藥過多。大劑量或者長(zhǎng)時(shí)期服用退熱凈也許會(huì)引起肝臟或者腎臟損傷，一次超量服用會(huì)導(dǎo)致致命的結(jié)果！如果你不能將小孩的溫度將下來，不要再服用更多的藥物。而是要叫醫(yī)生。阿司匹林以及其他非類固醇抗炎癥藥物——例如Motrin和Advil——會(huì)有胃痛，出血和潰瘍等副作用。

對(duì)于超過104華氏度（40攝氏度)的溫度

依照藥廠的說明書或者醫(yī)囑給大人或者小孩服用退熱凈或者布洛芬。大人也許可以用阿司匹林來代替。如果你對(duì)劑量沒有把握，一定要跟醫(yī)生或者藥劑師確認(rèn)。一定要注意不要服用過量的藥物。
對(duì)于小孩子來說，退熱凈有口服液，口香糖和栓劑等幾種形式選擇，但通常很容易采用溶劑的方式給小孩服藥。對(duì)于一個(gè)比較小的小孩子來說，可以采用邊上帶刻度，頂部是圓球的注射器來為他服藥。輕輕地將藥物推射到小孩的嘴巴里面的后部。
用帶溫水的海綿擦洗全身五到十分鐘使得你自己或者你的小孩的體溫降下來。在服用一劑退熱凈或者布洛芬之后，立刻用海綿擦身很有用，這樣在擦后藥效能夠?qū)�溫度降下來�?br >如果在擦洗的時(shí)候小孩顫抖的話，不要再擦洗了，將小孩擦干并且等下來觀察。顫抖實(shí)際上會(huì)升高體內(nèi)的溫度——抖動(dòng)肌肉產(chǎn)生熱量。如果發(fā)燒還不和緩下來或者小孩發(fā)燒痙攣超過5分鐘，立刻尋求醫(yī)治。


量體溫

你可以使用好幾種類型的溫度計(jì)來檢查你自己或者你的小孩的體溫狀況，譬如電子溫度計(jì)或者耳塞溫度計(jì)。帶數(shù)字讀數(shù)的溫度計(jì)和能從耳道迅速取得溫度的溫度計(jì)對(duì)于小孩或者老人來說特別有用。因?yàn)椴Ａ?a class="channel_keylink" href="http://m.gydjdsj.org.cn/pharm/2009/20090113060146_95556.shtml" target="_blank">水銀溫度計(jì)對(duì)于人類和環(huán)境都有害處，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)逐步被淘汰不再建議使用了。
盡管使用口腔溫度計(jì)來量腋窩的溫度讀得的數(shù)不是最精確，還是可以采用這種方式。將溫度計(jì)放在腋窩里面，用胳肢窩夾住它。等四到五分鐘。腋窩溫度比口腔溫度大約低1華氏度。
要給嬰兒使用直腸溫度計(jì)。涂少量的凡士林在溫度計(jì)上。將寶寶趴過來平放。將溫度計(jì)小心地插入寶寶的直腸0.5到1英寸。靜靜地握住溫度計(jì)和你的寶寶三分鐘。當(dāng)溫度計(jì)在寶寶直腸里面的時(shí)候不要放開溫度計(jì)。如果寶寶扭動(dòng)身體的話，溫度計(jì)會(huì)插得更深并傷害到寶寶。

（翻譯fengning引自美國(guó)最負(fù)盛名的MAYO CLINIC的文章)

＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝
看看大家對(duì)西人處理發(fā)燒的方式有什么看法。

原文見：
http://www。37tcm。net/forum/viewt ... amp;page=1#pid64650
－－－－－－－－－－－Fever
發(fā)燒

Overview
綜述

When you or your children aren"t feeling well, one of the first things you may do is check for a fever. Although a fever isn"t an illness itself, it"s usually a sign that something"s going on in your body. Yet fevers aren"t necessarily bad. In fact, they seem to play a key role in helping your body fight off a number of bacterial and viral infections.

當(dāng)你或者你的小孩感到不舒服的時(shí)候，也許你會(huì)做的第一件事情就是看看是否發(fā)燒了。盡管發(fā)燒本身不是病，它通常是你的身體發(fā)生了問題的一個(gè)跡象。然而發(fā)燒不一定是件壞事。事實(shí)上，發(fā)燒有可能是在幫助你的身體戰(zhàn)勝數(shù)量眾多的細(xì)菌和病毒的感染，而發(fā)燒在這個(gè)過程中起到了關(guān)鍵的作用。

If you"re an adult, a fever may be uncomfortable, but it usually isn"t dangerous unless it measures 103 F or higher. For very young children and infants, however, even slightly elevated temperatures may indicate a serious infection. In newborns, a subnormal temperature — rather than a fever — may be a sign of serious illness.

如果你不是大人的話，一次發(fā)燒也許會(huì)讓你很不舒服，但是如果溫度不達(dá)到103華氏度（約為39.4攝氏度)或者以上的話，一般是沒有危險(xiǎn)的。然而，對(duì)于很小的小孩以及嬰兒來說，溫度只要高那么一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)，也許就意味著嚴(yán)重的感染。對(duì)于新生的嬰兒來說，不是發(fā)燒，而是低于正常溫度，也許是嚴(yán)重疾病的一個(gè)跡象。

Because a fever can occur with many different conditions, other signs and symptoms can often help identify the cause. If you don"t know why you have a fever, it"s best not to try to lower your temperature. This may only mask your symptoms and make it harder to determine the cause. In addition, some experts think that aggressively treating all fevers actually interferes with your body"s immune response. That"s because the viruses that cause colds and other respiratory infections thrive at cool temperatures. By producing a low-grade fever, your body may actually be helping eliminate the virus. What"s more, most fevers go away in a relatively short time — usually within a few days.

因?yàn)榘l(fā)燒能在不同情況下發(fā)生，其他跡象和癥狀通常都有助于辨識(shí)原因。如果你不知道自己為何發(fā)燒，最好不要試圖降低體溫。這樣做只會(huì)掩蓋你的癥狀，使得更難確定病因。除此而外，有些專家認(rèn)為，強(qiáng)行降體溫事實(shí)上會(huì)干擾身體的免疫反應(yīng)。這是因?yàn)橐�起感冒和其他肺部感染的病毒在低溫下繁殖得更快。事�?shí)上，身體會(huì)通過產(chǎn)生一個(gè)相對(duì)較低溫度的發(fā)燒來幫助消滅病毒。除此而外，多數(shù)發(fā)燒通常時(shí)間較短，一般幾天就沒了。

Signs and symptoms
跡象和癥狀

A fever occurs when your temperature rises above its normal range. What"s normal for you may be a little higher or lower than the average temperature of 98.6 F. That"s why it"s hard to say just what a fever is. But a "significant" fever is usually defined as an oral or ear temperature of 102 F or a rectal temperature of 103 F. A rectal temperature reading is generally 1 degree Fahrenheit higher than an oral reading.

在體溫高于正常范圍的時(shí)候，發(fā)燒就產(chǎn)生了。正常體溫應(yīng)該在37上下（上下可以稍微浮動(dòng)一點(diǎn))。這是為什么難以定義發(fā)燒的原因。但是一次“嚴(yán)重的”發(fā)燒通�？梢远�義為口腔或者耳朵溫度為102華氏度（約為38.9攝氏度)，或者直腸溫度103華氏度（約為39.4攝氏度)。直腸溫度的讀數(shù)一般大于口腔溫度1華氏度左右。

Depending on what"s causing your fever, additional signs and symptoms may include:
根據(jù)引起發(fā)燒的原因，其他跡象和癥狀也許還包括：
•     Sweating
發(fā)汗
•     Shivering
發(fā)抖
•     Headache
頭痛
•     Muscle aches
肌肉酸疼
•     Lack of appetite
缺乏食欲
•     Dehydration
脫水
•     General weakness
全身虛弱

Very high fevers, between 103 and 106 F, may cause hallucinations, confusion, irritability and even convulsions.

很高溫度的發(fā)燒（介于103華氏度（39.4攝氏度)到106華氏度（41.1攝氏度)之間)也許會(huì)引起幻覺，神智不清，亢奮甚至抽搐。

Approximately four percent of children younger than age 5 experience fever-induced seizures (febrile seizures). The signs of febrile seizures, which occur when a child"s temperature rises or falls rapidly, include a brief loss of consciousness and convulsions. Although these seizures can be extremely alarming, most children don"t experience any lasting effects. Febrile seizures are often triggered by a fever from a common childhood illness such as roseola, a viral infection that causes a high fever, swollen glands and a rash.

大約4%的小于5歲的小孩會(huì)發(fā)生因發(fā)燒導(dǎo)致的痙攣（發(fā)燒痙攣)。在小孩的溫度迅速地升高或者降低的時(shí)候，痙攣的癥狀就發(fā)生了，包括暫時(shí)失去意識(shí)以及抽搐。盡管痙攣的癥狀很令人焦心，多數(shù)小孩的癥狀不會(huì)再持續(xù)。發(fā)燒痙攣通常由這些小孩子的疾病引發(fā)，諸如紅疹，病毒感染，扁桃體發(fā)炎以及皮疹。

Causes
原因

Even when you"re well, your body temperature varies throughout the day — it"s lower in the morning and higher in the late afternoon and evening. In fact, your normal temperature can range from about 97 to 99 F. Although most people consider 98.6 F a healthy body temperature, yours may vary by a degree or more.

甚至在身體正常的時(shí)候，體溫在一天之內(nèi)也會(huì)變動(dòng)——早晨低，午后和夜晚高。事實(shí)上，正常體溫可以在97華氏度到99華氏度（36.1—37.2攝氏度)之內(nèi)變動(dòng)。盡管大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為98.6華氏度（37攝氏度)是健康人的體溫，你的體溫也許會(huì)高出或者低于這個(gè)溫度1度。

Your body temperature is set by your hypothalamus, an area at the base of your brain that acts as a thermostat for your whole system. When something"s wrong, your normal temperature is simply set a few points higher. The new set-point, for example, may be 102 F instead of 97 or 98 F.

體溫是由體丘下部來調(diào)節(jié)的，體丘下部在腦子的底部區(qū)域，在身體的整個(gè)系統(tǒng)里面擔(dān)任了調(diào)溫器的作用。當(dāng)身體發(fā)生狀況的時(shí)候，體溫只是被調(diào)節(jié)得高幾個(gè)點(diǎn)。新的體溫也許是102華氏度（約為38.9攝氏度)，而不是原來的97或者98華氏度（36.1，36.7攝氏度)。

What happens with a fever
發(fā)燒時(shí)發(fā)生的情況

When a fever starts and your body tries to elevate its temperature, you feel chilly and may shiver to generate heat. At this point, you probably wrap yourself in your thickest blanket and turn up the heating pad. But eventually, as your body reaches its new set-point, you likely feel hot. And when your temperature finally begins to return to normal, you may sweat profusely, which is your body"s way of dissipating the excess heat.

當(dāng)發(fā)燒開始的時(shí)候，身體試著提高溫度，你就會(huì)感到寒冷并且通過發(fā)抖來產(chǎn)生熱量。此時(shí)，你也許會(huì)用厚的毛毯來把自己裹起來，并把取暖電毯的溫度調(diào)高。但是事實(shí)上在你的身體達(dá)到新的溫度時(shí)，你很可能會(huì)感到發(fā)熱。在你的體溫最后開始達(dá)到正常的時(shí)候，你也許會(huì)大量地出汗，這是你的身體釋放高溫產(chǎn)生熱量的方式。

A fever usually means your body is responding to a viral or bacterial infection. Sometimes heat exhaustion, an extreme sunburn or certain inflammatory conditions such as temporal arteritis — inflammation of an artery in your head — may trigger fever as well. In rare instances, a malignant tumor or some forms of kidney cancer may cause a fever.

發(fā)燒通常意味著你的身體對(duì)病毒或者細(xì)菌感染的抵抗反應(yīng)。有時(shí)，輕度的中暑衰竭，太陽曝曬過度或者某種炎癥狀況（諸如暫時(shí)的動(dòng)脈炎癥，譬如說腦動(dòng)脈炎)也許也會(huì)引發(fā)發(fā)燒。惡性腫瘤或者某些腎癌引起發(fā)燒的幾率很小。

Fever can be a side effect of some medications such as antibiotics and drugs used to treat hypertension or seizures. Some infants and children develop fevers after receiving routine immunizations, such as the diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTaP) or pneumococcal vaccines.

發(fā)燒也可能是一些藥物的副作用引起，譬如說抗生素和用來治療過度緊張以及抽搐的麻醉藥。一些嬰兒和小孩在注射免疫針之后會(huì)引起發(fā)燒，譬如說白喉，破傷風(fēng)，百日咳或者肺炎疫苗。

Sometimes it"s not possible to identify the cause of a fever. If you have a temperature higher than 100.9 F for more than three weeks and your doctor isn"t able to find the cause after extensive evaluation, the diagnosis may be fever of unknown origin. In most cases, though, the reason for your fever can be found and treated.

盡管在多數(shù)情況下發(fā)燒的原因能找到，并且能夠得到治療，有時(shí)還是不可能確定發(fā)燒的原因。如果你發(fā)燒超過100.9華氏度（38.3攝氏度)持續(xù)三個(gè)星期以上，并且為你治療的醫(yī)生在經(jīng)過充分的診斷之后，也不能確定病因，那么診斷結(jié)果也許會(huì)是不明病因的發(fā)燒。

When to seek medical advice
何時(shí)尋求醫(yī)治

Fevers by themselves may not be a cause for alarm — or a reason to call a doctor. Yet there are some circumstances when you should seek medical advice for your baby, your child or yourself.

發(fā)燒本身也許不是引起擔(dān)憂的原因——或者說看醫(yī)生的原因。然而在如下情況下，你應(yīng)該為你的寶寶，小孩或者你自己尋求醫(yī)治。

For infants
嬰兒

An unexplained fever is greater cause for concern in infants and children than in adults. Call your baby"s doctor if your baby:

相較于大人，對(duì)于嬰兒以及小孩來說，不明原因的發(fā)燒是尋求醫(yī)治的主要原因。如果你的嬰兒：

•     Is younger than 2 months of age and has a rectal temperature of 100.4 F or higher. Even if your baby doesn"t have other signs or symptoms, call your doctor just to be safe.

小于2個(gè)月并且直腸溫度大于或等于100.4華氏度（38攝氏度)，即便你的寶寶沒有其他生病的跡象或者癥狀，為安全起見還是要叫醫(yī)生。

•     Is older than 2 months of age and has a temperature of 102 F or higher.

大于2個(gè)月并且直腸溫度大于或者等于102華氏度（38.9攝氏度)

•     Is a newborn who has a lower-than-normal temperature — under 95 F rectally.

新生兒并且溫度低于正常體溫——直腸溫度低于95華氏度（35攝氏度)

•     Has a fever and unexplained irritability, such as marked crying when you change your baby"s diapers or when he or she is moved. Some infants might have a fever and seem lethargic and unresponsive. In infants and children younger than age 2, these may be signs of meningitis — an infection and inflammation of the membranes and fluid surrounding your brain and spinal cord. If you"re worried that your baby might have meningitis, see your doctor right away. Don"t wait until morning to see your usual physician — meningitis is an emergency.

發(fā)燒并且不明原因的亢奮，譬如在你給寶寶換尿片的時(shí)候或者挪動(dòng)寶寶的時(shí)候，寶寶嘶聲裂肺地哭。一些嬰兒也許正發(fā)燒并顯得昏昏欲睡毫無生氣。對(duì)于嬰兒以及小于兩歲的小孩來說，這些也許是腦膜炎的跡象——包裹腦子以及脊髓的膜質(zhì)和液質(zhì)的感染以及炎癥。如果你擔(dān)心寶寶也許得了腦膜炎，立刻尋求醫(yī)治。不要等到第二天早晨才去看醫(yī)生——腦膜炎是一種急癥。

For children
小孩

Children often tolerate fevers quite well, although high temperatures may cause parents a great deal of concern. Still, it"s best to be guided more by how your child acts than by any particular temperature measurement. If your child has a fever but is responsive and is drinking plenty of fluids and wanting to play, there"s probably no cause for alarm.

盡管高溫也許會(huì)引起家長(zhǎng)很大的擔(dān)憂，其實(shí)小孩通常較能忍受發(fā)燒。然而，最好是根據(jù)你的小孩的行為，而不是根據(jù)任何測(cè)得的溫度來指導(dǎo)你。如果你的小孩發(fā)燒了，但是他還是比較活潑并且喝水很多，還想玩耍，也許你就不必?fù)?dān)憂。

Call your pediatrician if your child is listless or irritable, vomits repeatedly, has a severe headache or stomachache or has any other symptoms causing significant discomfort. If your child has a fever after being left in a very hot car, seek medical care immediately.

如果你的小孩很倦怠或者很急躁，并一再嘔吐，頭很痛或者肚子痛，或者有其他使得他很不舒服的癥狀，請(qǐng)聯(lián)絡(luò)你的兒科醫(yī)生。如果你的小孩被留在一輛非常熱的車子里面呆了很久，并且發(fā)燒的話，請(qǐng)立即尋求醫(yī)治。

Also call your doctor if fever persists longer than one day in a child younger than age 2 or longer than three days in a child age 2 or older.

如果一個(gè)小于兩歲的小孩持續(xù)發(fā)燒超過一天，或者一個(gè)大于或等于兩歲的小孩持續(xù)發(fā)燒超過三天的話，請(qǐng)聯(lián)絡(luò)醫(yī)生。

Don"t treat fevers below 101 F with any medications unless advised by your doctor.

除非醫(yī)生建議，否則如果發(fā)燒低于101華氏度（38.3攝氏度)的話，不要采用任何藥物治療。

For adults
成人

Call your doctor about a fever if:
發(fā)燒時(shí)尋求醫(yī)治如果：

•     Your temperature is more than 104 F
體溫超過104華氏度（40攝氏度)

•     You"ve had a fever for more than three days
發(fā)燒超過三天

In addition, call your doctor immediately if any of these signs and symptoms accompany a fever:
此外，如果在發(fā)燒時(shí)伴隨有以下跡象以及癥狀的話，請(qǐng)尋求醫(yī)治：

•     A severe headache
嚴(yán)重的頭痛

•     Severe swelling of your throat
喉嚨腫得很厲害

•     Unusual skin rash
異常皮疹

•     Unusual eye sensitivity to bright light
眼睛對(duì)亮光的異常過敏

•     A stiff neck and pain when you bend your head forward
歪脖并且在頭前傾時(shí)感到痛

•     Mental confusion
意識(shí)錯(cuò)亂

•     Persistent vomiting
持續(xù)嘔吐

•     Difficulty breathing or chest pain
呼吸困難并且胸痛

•     Extreme listlessness or irritability
極端倦怠或者亢奮

•     Abdominal pain or pain when urinating
腹痛或者小便痛

•     Any other unexplained symptoms
其他不明原因的癥狀

Screening and diagnosis
診斷

Your doctor will likely diagnose the cause of your fever based on your other symptoms and a physical exam. Sometimes you may need additional tests to confirm a diagnosis. If your doctor suspects pneumonia, for instance, you may have a chest X-ray following your physical exam. In other cases you may have blood or urine tests to check for signs of infection.

根據(jù)其他癥狀并且在常規(guī)檢查完之后，醫(yī)生一般會(huì)診斷出發(fā)燒的原因。有時(shí)需要其他的測(cè)試來確定診斷結(jié)果。例如，如果醫(yī)生懷疑肺炎的話，也許會(huì)在常規(guī)檢查之后，讓你來一個(gè)胸透。在其他情況下，也許會(huì)讓你進(jìn)行血液檢查或者尿檢來看是否有感染的跡象。

If you have a low-grade fever that persists for three weeks or more, but have no other symptoms, your doctor may recommend a variety of tests to help find the cause. These may include blood tests and X-rays.

如果你發(fā)燒溫度不高持續(xù)三周，但沒有其他癥狀，醫(yī)生也許會(huì)建議你做些檢測(cè)來幫助發(fā)現(xiàn)病因。這些檢查也許包括血液檢查以及胸透。

Complications
并發(fā)癥

A rapid rise or fall in temperature may cause a febrile seizure in a small percentage of children younger than age 5. Although they"re alarming for parents, the vast majority of febrile seizures cause no lasting effects.

在小于5歲的小孩中，很小一部分會(huì)因?yàn)轶w溫迅速波動(dòng)而引發(fā)痙攣。盡管小孩的狀況會(huì)使父母擔(dān)憂，多數(shù)痙攣不會(huì)有進(jìn)一步的影響。

If a seizure occurs, lay your child on his or her side. Remove any sharp objects that are near your child, loosen tight clothing and hold your child to prevent injury. Don"t place anything in your child"s mouth or try to stop the seizure. Although most seizures stop on their own, call for emergency medical assistance if the seizure lasts longer than 10 minutes.

如果痙攣發(fā)生的話，讓小孩側(cè)躺。將任何扎人的東西從小孩身邊拿走，解松小孩的衣物并且保護(hù)好你的小孩不要受到外物傷害。不要嘗試把任何東西放在小孩的嘴巴里面來阻止小孩的痙攣。盡管大多數(shù)痙攣?zhàn)詣?dòng)會(huì)停下來，如果痙攣超過10分鐘的話，趕緊尋求醫(yī)治。

If possible, try to time the seizure using your watch or a clock. Because they"re so alarming, seizures often seem to last longer than they really do. Also try to note which part of your child"s body begins to shake first. This can help your doctor understand the cause of the seizure. Your pediatrician should see your child as soon as possible.

如果可能的話，對(duì)痙攣的時(shí)間進(jìn)行計(jì)時(shí)。因?yàn)榀d攣很令人焦心，所以痙攣的時(shí)間通常顯得比實(shí)際時(shí)間要長(zhǎng)。也要注意小孩身體哪一部分先開始顫抖。這個(gè)有助于醫(yī)生明白痙攣的原因。應(yīng)該盡快讓醫(yī)生來給小孩治療。

Treatment
治療

Medical treatment depends on the cause of your fever. Your doctor will likely prescribe antibiotics for bacterial infections, such as pneumonia or strep throat. For viral infections, including stomach flu (gastroenteritis) and mononucleosis, the best treatment is often rest and plenty of fluids.

醫(yī)治取決于發(fā)燒病因。醫(yī)生很可能會(huì)對(duì)細(xì)菌感染開一些抗生素藥，譬如肺炎或者喉部鏈鎖狀球菌感染。對(duì)于腸胃型流感（腸胃炎)和單核細(xì)胞增多癥這些病毒感染來說，最好的治療方法通常是休息以及大量飲水。

Your doctor may also suggest taking over-the-counter medications, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others) to lower a very high fever. Adults may also use aspirin. But don"t give aspirin to children. It may trigger a rare, but potentially fatal, disorder known as Reye"s syndrome.

醫(yī)生也許會(huì)建議你服用一些非處方藥，譬如退熱凈( 一種替代阿司匹林的解熱鎮(zhèn)痛藥，羥苯基乙酰胺)或者布洛芬(抗炎、鎮(zhèn)痛藥)來降高溫。成人也許還會(huì)服用阿斯匹林(解熱鎮(zhèn)痛藥)。但是不要給小孩服用阿司匹林。如果服用的話，也許會(huì)引發(fā)一種很少見但是潛在致命的神經(jīng)紊亂癥——雷氏綜合癥！

Prevention
預(yù)防

The best way to prevent fevers is to reduce your exposure to infectious diseases. One of the most effective ways to do that is also one of the simplest — frequent hand washing.

最好的防止發(fā)燒的方法是盡量不要和有傳染性的病源接觸。最有效也是最簡(jiǎn)單的方法之一就是——勤洗手。

Teach your children to wash their hands often, especially before they eat and after using the toilet, spending time in a crowded public place or petting animals. Show them how to wash their hands vigorously, covering both the front and back of each hand with soap, and rinsing thoroughly under running water. Carry hand-washing towelettes with you for times when you don"t have access to soap and water. When possible, teach your kids not to touch their noses, mouths or eyes — the main way viral infections are transmitted.

教育小孩勤洗手，尤其在飯前和便后以及在擁擠的公共場(chǎng)所或者和寵物呆過之后。告訴他們?cè)趺礃幼屑?xì)洗手，要用香皂洗每只手的前邊和后邊，并用流動(dòng)的水將手完全沖洗干凈。在你沒有香皂和水的時(shí)候，身上要帶上洗手用的小毛巾。如果可能的話，教育你的小孩不要用手去摸鼻子，嘴巴或者眼睛——這些是病毒感染傳播最主要的途徑。

Self-care

自我治療

Because your body loses more water with a fever, be sure to drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration. Water is best, but if it"s hard to get your children to drink water, encourage them to drink juices or sports drinks containing electrolytes, or to eat frozen ice pops. Adults and children should also get enough rest. Don"t be concerned with treating a fever just because it"s a fever. Often, a low-grade fever is actually helping fight off an infection. In addition, follow these guidelines for both children and adults:

因?yàn)樵诎l(fā)燒的時(shí)候身體失水比平時(shí)更多，一定要多喝水來避免脫水。喝水是最好的，但如果在很難喝到水的情況下，設(shè)法讓孩子喝果汁、包含電解質(zhì)的運(yùn)動(dòng)型飲料或者吃冰凍的冰汽水。大人和小孩都應(yīng)該得到充分的休息。不要因?yàn)榘l(fā)燒是小毛病而自作聰明地進(jìn)行干預(yù)。通常情況下，低燒實(shí)際上在幫助戰(zhàn)勝感染。此外，對(duì)于大人和小孩來說，都要遵循以下指導(dǎo)意見：

For temperatures less than 102 F

對(duì)于小于102華氏度（38.9攝氏度)的溫度

Don"t use any medication for a fever in this range unless advised by your doctor. And don"t give children aspirin because of the risk of Reye"s syndrome. Instead, dress in comfortable, light clothing and try bathing in lukewarm water. At bedtime, cover yourself or your child with just a sheet or light blanket.

除非醫(yī)師建議，否則不要服用任何藥物。因?yàn)橛欣资暇C合癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，所以不要給小孩服用阿司匹林。相反地，要穿得舒服而輕松一點(diǎn)，泡一個(gè)溫水澡。睡覺的時(shí)候，只給你或者你的小孩蓋一床被單或者一條輕毯子。

For temperatures between 102 and 104 F

對(duì)于102到104華氏度之間的溫度（38.9——40攝氏度)

Take acetaminophen or ibuprofen according to the label instructions or as recommended by your doctor. If you"re not sure about the proper dosage, be sure to check with your doctor or pharmacist. Adults may use aspirin instead.

根據(jù)說明書或者醫(yī)囑服用退熱凈( 一種替代阿司匹林的解熱鎮(zhèn)痛藥)或者布洛芬(抗炎、鎮(zhèn)痛藥)。如果你對(duì)劑量沒有把握，一定要跟醫(yī)生或者藥劑師確認(rèn)。成人也許可以服用阿司匹林。

Be careful not to give too much medication. High doses or long-term use of acetaminophen may cause liver or kidney damage, and acute overdoses can be fatal. If you"re not able to get your child"s fever down, don"t give more medication. Call your doctor instead. Side effects of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as Motrin and Advil include stomach pain, bleeding and ulcers.

注意不要服藥過多。大劑量或者長(zhǎng)時(shí)期服用退熱凈也許會(huì)引起肝臟或者腎臟損傷，一次超量服用會(huì)導(dǎo)致致命的結(jié)果！如果你不能將小孩的溫度將下來，不要再服用更多的藥物。而是要叫醫(yī)生。阿司匹林以及其他非類固醇抗炎癥藥物——例如Motrin和Advil——會(huì)有胃痛，出血和潰瘍等副作用。

For temperatures greater than 104 F

對(duì)于超過104華氏度（40攝氏度)的溫度

Give adults or children acetaminophen or ibuprofen following the manufacturer"s instructions or as recommended by your doctor. Adults may use aspirin instead. If you"re not sure about the dosage, check with your doctor or pharmacist. Be careful not to give too much medication.

依照藥廠的說明書或者醫(yī)囑給大人或者小孩服用退熱凈或者布洛芬。大人也許可以用阿司匹林來代替。如果你對(duì)劑量沒有把握，一定要跟醫(yī)生或者藥劑師確認(rèn)。一定要注意不要服用過量的藥物。

Acetaminophen is available in liquid, chewable and suppository forms for children, but it"s often easiest to give medications in liquid form. For a small child, use a syringe with measurements on the side and a bulb on the tip. Gently squirt the medicine in the back corners of your child"s mouth.

對(duì)于小孩子來說，退熱凈有口服液，口香糖和栓劑等幾種形式選擇，但通常很容易采用溶劑的方式給小孩服藥。對(duì)于一個(gè)比較小的小孩子來說，可以采用邊上帶刻度，頂部是圓球的注射器來為他服藥。輕輕地將藥物推射到小孩的嘴巴里面的后部。

Use a five- to ten-minute sponge bath of lukewarm water to try to bring your own or your child"s temperature down. A sponge bath is most likely to help if it"s used shortly after a dosage of acetaminophen or ibuprofen, so that the medication can work to keep the fever down after the bath takes effect.

用帶溫水的海綿擦洗全身五到十分鐘使得你自己或者你的小孩的體溫降下來。在服用一劑退熱凈或者布洛芬之后，立刻用海綿擦身很有用，這樣在擦后藥效能夠?qū)�溫度降下來�?br >
If your child shivers in the bath, stop the bath, dry your child and wait. Shivering actually raises the body"s internal temperature — shaking muscles generate heat. If the fever doesn"t moderate or your child has a febrile seizure that lasts longer than five minutes, seek immediate medical care.

如果在擦洗的時(shí)候小孩顫抖的話，不要再擦洗了，將小孩擦干并且等下來觀察。顫抖實(shí)際上會(huì)升高體內(nèi)的溫度——抖動(dòng)肌肉產(chǎn)生熱量。如果發(fā)燒還不和緩下來或者小孩發(fā)燒痙攣超過5分鐘，立刻尋求醫(yī)治。

Taking a temperature

量體溫

To check your or your child"s temperature level, you can choose from several types of thermometers, including electronic thermometers and ear (tympanic) thermometers. Thermometers with digital readouts and those that take the temperature quickly from the ear canal are especially useful for young children and older adults. Because glass mercury thermometers harm both humans and the environment, they have been phased out and are no longer recommended.

你可以使用好幾種類型的溫度計(jì)來檢查你自己或者你的小孩的體溫狀況，譬如電子溫度計(jì)或者耳塞溫度計(jì)。帶數(shù)字讀數(shù)的溫度計(jì)和能從耳道迅速取得溫度的溫度計(jì)對(duì)于小孩或者老人來說特別有用。因?yàn)椴Ａ�水銀溫度計(jì)對(duì)于人類和環(huán)境都有害處，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)逐步被淘汰不再建議使用了。

Although it"s not the most accurate way to take a temperature, you can also use an oral thermometer for an armpit (axillary) reading. Place the thermometer in the armpit with arms crossed over the chest. Wait four to five minutes. The axillary temperature is about 1 degree Fahrenheit less than an oral temperature.

盡管使用口腔溫度計(jì)來量腋窩的溫度讀得的數(shù)不是最精確，還是可以采用這種方式。將溫度計(jì)放在腋窩里面，用胳肢窩夾住它。等四到五分鐘。腋窩溫度比口腔溫度大約低1華氏度。

Use a rectal thermometer for infants. Place a dab of petroleum jelly on the bulb. Lay your baby on his or her tummy. Carefully insert the bulb one-half inch to one inch into your baby"s rectum. Hold the bulb and your baby still for three minutes. Don"t let go of the thermometer while it"s inside your baby. If your baby squirms, it could go deeper and cause an injury.

要給嬰兒使用直腸溫度計(jì)。涂少量的凡士林在溫度計(jì)上。將寶寶趴過來平放。將溫度計(jì)小心地插入寶寶的直腸0.5到1英寸。靜靜地握住溫度計(jì)和你的寶寶三分鐘。當(dāng)溫度計(jì)在寶寶直腸里面的時(shí)候不要放開溫度計(jì)。如果寶寶扭動(dòng)身體的話，溫度計(jì)會(huì)插得更深并傷害到寶寶。
－－－－－－－－－－－這才是真正的西醫(yī)！其實(shí)西醫(yī)和中醫(yī)都有各自完善的治療方法和理論，只要不是庸醫(yī)都是好的。
－－－－－－－－－－－
－－－－－－－－－－－

西醫(yī)理論離完善還差得太遠(yuǎn)，治療方法更是不敢恭維；

在我的眼睛里，西醫(yī)只有兩類，態(tài)度好的庸醫(yī)和態(tài)度差的庸醫(yī)。

一個(gè)連感冒都治不了的醫(yī)學(xué)，還談什么完善。
－－－－－－－－－－－

這里說的是治病，
對(duì)于急救和外傷來說，西醫(yī)還是有一定優(yōu)勢(shì)的。
－－－－－－－－－－－非常簡(jiǎn)單的原因,西方人千百年來就是這樣治病的.而人家的民族身體素質(zhì)不比我們差.到了中國(guó)太多東西被扭曲了.中醫(yī)固然好,目前社會(huì)上的中醫(yī)醫(yī)生卻是處于退步的趨勢(shì),庸中醫(yī)也多得嚇人.其實(shí)我們應(yīng)該多反省,認(rèn)識(shí)自己的不足,不能只是一味地指責(zé)人家的不是.
－－－－－－－－－－－

多讀漢唐醫(yī)論。
－－－－－－－－－－－原來如此，我們國(guó)家的西醫(yī)是冒牌貨�。�！
－－－－－－－－－－－夫上古圣人之教下也，皆謂之：虛邪賊風(fēng)，避之有時(shí)；恬淡虛無，真氣從之；精神內(nèi)守，病安從來？
是以志閑而少欲，心安而不懼，形勞而不倦，氣從以順，各從其欲，皆得所愿。故美其食，任其服，樂其俗，高下不相慕，其民故曰樸。

人本來是可以不病的，病了身體自己也能處理。醫(yī)學(xué)應(yīng)該幫助身體治病，不應(yīng)該幫助病邪打擊身體。不明病因卻一定要亂治的現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)是病邪的幫兇，是身體的敵人，認(rèn)賊作父就等于自取滅亡！