2015年職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法之情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法
1.can基本含義與用法
(1)(表示能力)能……;會(huì)……(2)(表示可能、許可)能夠……;可以(3)(表溫和的命令)請(qǐng)做……,得……(4)(用于疑問(wèn)句中,表請(qǐng)求、提議)能不能……;要不要…(5)(用于疑問(wèn)句中,表驚訝、懷疑等)“(到底)可能有這樣的事嗎?”(6)構(gòu)成特殊句式:
①can not/can never……too……或cannot……enough “無(wú)論怎么……也不過(guò)分;越……越好;非!。One cannot be too careful. 越認(rèn)真越好。I cannot thank youenough.我對(duì)你感激不盡。
②cannot help doing……/cannot help but do……/cannnot but do……“禁不住;不由得;不得不”。
【注意】情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式的用法:表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況,can't/couldn’t have +過(guò)去分詞,表示對(duì)已發(fā)生情況的否定推測(cè),譯為“(昨天)一定沒(méi)……”。例如: Mary couldn't have received my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.
表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣,could have+過(guò)去分詞,表示過(guò)去本來(lái)可以做但卻未做,譯為“完全可以……”。例如: What you said is right,but you could have phrased it more tactfully.
2.may基本含義與用法
(1)(表準(zhǔn)許、請(qǐng)求)可以、(2)(表愿望、祝福)但愿;!。此時(shí),句子要用倒裝語(yǔ)序、(3)(用于目的狀語(yǔ)從句中)為了;為了能夠、(4)(用于讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中)即使;無(wú)論、(5)構(gòu)成句型:may/might as well do sth. “還是做某事的好;不妨去做某事”
【注意】情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式的用法:表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況,may/might have +過(guò)去分詞,表示對(duì)已發(fā)生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推測(cè),或事實(shí)上根本沒(méi)發(fā)生,譯為“也許……”。例如:At Florida Power's Crystal River plant,a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.
表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣,may/might have + 過(guò)去分詞,表示過(guò)去可以做但實(shí)際未做,譯為“(那樣)也許會(huì)……”。例如: It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.
3.must基本含義與用法
(1)(表義務(wù)、必要性、命令)必須,得,要,mustn't表“禁止、不準(zhǔn)”、(2)(表必然性)必定、(3)(表固執(zhí)、不滿(mǎn)等)偏偏;硬要;偏要,例如:If you must know,I’m going to help him look for an apartment.
【注意】情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式的用法:must have +過(guò)去分詞,表示對(duì)已發(fā)生情況的肯定推測(cè),譯為“(昨天)一定……”。例如: My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room,for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?”
4.shall基本含義與用法
(1)用于疑問(wèn)句中,與第一、三人稱(chēng)連用,表示征求對(duì)方的意見(jiàn),may用于征求對(duì)方的許可,shall用于征求對(duì)方的意見(jiàn)或指示、(2)用于第二、三人稱(chēng),表示說(shuō)話(huà)人的命令、警告、強(qiáng)制、允諾、威脅或決心等、(3)(用于法律、規(guī)則等條文中)應(yīng)……,須……,得……
5.should基本含義與用法
(1)(表義務(wù)、責(zé)任)應(yīng)該、(2)(表預(yù)期)應(yīng)該會(huì),想必會(huì),一定會(huì)……吧、(3)(表驚訝、遺憾)竟然;居然、(4)(與疑問(wèn)詞連用,表示意外、納悶、驚訝等)究竟是;到底、(5)(用于條件狀語(yǔ)從句中)一旦;萬(wàn)一、(6)(用于表示命令、建議、請(qǐng)求的動(dòng)詞后面的that從句中,且should可省略)應(yīng)該;必須,例如:She demanded that they (should) leave at once.(7)(用于以lest,for fear that,in case引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中)以免;唯恐,例如:She gave me a list just in case I should forget what to buy.
【注意】情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式的用法:表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣,should /should not have +過(guò)去分詞,表示應(yīng)該做某事但實(shí)際上未做,或本不應(yīng)該做但實(shí)際上做了,譯為“本(不)應(yīng)該……”。如:I regret having left the work unfinished; I should have planned everything ahead carefully.
6.would基本含義與用法
(1)(表過(guò)去的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作)(從前)常常;經(jīng)常、(2)(表示說(shuō)話(huà)者的厭煩、焦躁)老是;偏要、(3)(用于否定句中,主語(yǔ)一般是事物,表示某事物暫時(shí)的特性)就是(不能)(4)表示請(qǐng)求或個(gè)人的想法、看法,使語(yǔ)氣婉轉(zhuǎn),例如:Would you mind if I opened the window?